↑ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. Hanging as method of execution is unknown, as method of suicide from 1325.
↑ Hughes, Robert (11 tháng 1 năm 2012). The Fatal Shore: The epic of Australia's founding. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. tr. 33–. ISBN978-0-307-81560-6. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 9 năm 2014. Before the invention of the hinged trapdoor through which the victim was dropped, he or she was "turned off" or "twisted" by the hangman who pulled the ladder away.
↑ Potter, John Deane (1965). The Art of Hanging. A. S. Barnes. tr. 23. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 9 năm 2014. ...condemned persons still mounted a ladder which was turned round, leaving them dangling. This led to the phrase 'turned off'–they were literally turned off the ladder.
↑ Sauvageau, Anny; Racette, Stéphanie (2007). “Agonal Sequences in a Filmed Suicidal Hanging: Analysis of Respiratory and Movement Responses to Asphyxia by Hanging”. Journal of Forensic Sciences 52 (4): 957–959. PMID17524058. doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00459.x.
